Microprocessor

What is a microprocessor?

People who work with a computer nowadays may know or not but it’s the brain of the computer.

Did you know any history about computers?

I think you might hear of it.

Yes its size is as big as a room and it’s a most tedious process to work with it and the only expert over the computer can operate.

After generation after generation it becomes so small that is so handy.

We cannot think without computers how our daily work goes and their evolution to human existence also made a question mark the conventional works have become under-rated.

Life without a computer can’t be imagined but all the people had experienced either in school or college. But some people bought individually and work on that computer.

But the king-maker for this shrinking is one and only the revolution that impacts the field of computers is Microprocessors.

As the devices becoming more and more it has wider use

As from the car key, pen drive, mobile phones, Laptops, etc.., building its own empire and enable the work of human being faster than ever.

People relying on smart devices and make them so smart that they can read all the information that we give in the form of google search with the help of AI.

We give them the power to AI with the help of chips and microprocessors and embedded systems behind that.

We also make them learn about this.

Actually, it’s also dangerous to the human race as it knows more than us.

Human itself an error. Then why we worry about that as they may threaten us.

But people more or less depend on this.

Moreover, electronic devices require a motherboard to process the information and to give it as an output

Architecture of MP8085

INTERRUPT CONTROL:-

For an interruption in the devices that is for example if you turn ON or OFF this is used for that type of control

These have some value storage in binary value either 1 or 0 that is ON or OFF.

SERIAL I/O CONTROL:-

A serial portal for both input and output is there to fix it with the computer.

This is used to process the data for the input and deliver it to the output

8 BIT INTERNAL BUS:-

1 Byte=8 Bit

A bus is used to travel from one place to another. This means sharing the information from one entity to another with the help of the connections made between them.

ACCUMULATOR:- Stores the value of binary numbers

TEMP REG(Temporary Register):- It is a temporary register used for processing the arithmetic and logical unit.

FLAG:-

It intimates the current status of the processor to process with binary value of 1 or 0

ALU:-

Arithmetic & Logical Unit

Arithmetic is used to process addition, multiplication, subtraction, division

Logic Unit is used to process AND, OR, NOT Gate

It processes all the information and sends it to an 8-bit internal bus

From that, It goes to the Instruction Register.

In that set of instruction is assigned to make the processor work in the correct manner

INSTRUCTION REGISTER:-

An instruction register is nothing but a set of instructions that are registered as binary numbers for the convenience of the machine.

INSTRUCTION DECODER AND MACHINE CYCLE ENCODING:-

The user has given a set of instructions to the machine. The machine decodes a set of instructions as it can understand logically.

Compiler plays a big role in that it translates machine language to the user and vice-versa.

Moreover, these inputs are just one’s and zeros to the computer language.

TIMING AND CONTROL:-

It’s just a timer behind which works and controls the whole operation.

AD:-Analog Digital(AD0-AD7)

To transfer the analog data into a digital source.

SOD:-Serial Output Data line

Use to set/ reset the specified instructions

SID:-Serial Input Data line

Use to give input to the processor

A8-A15:- Address bus

It is an address to store the data

Consists of an 8 Bit

Vss:-Voltage Source Supply

It is used to supply voltage for the microprocessor to run a system.

Clock Signal:-

The clock signals are X1, X2, CLK OUT

Reset in:-

To reset the value while we give information to the processor in a binary value

Reset out:-

All the connected devices are ready after the reset.

It is an indication to receive the data for CPU and ready to process information

TRAP:-

First highest priority for all interrupts

It is invalid memory access.

A type of synchronous interrupt.

Input-Level sensitive and edge-sensitive

Transition-0 and 1

State 1:- End of the execution of an instruction for the interruption.

RST 7.5:-

Second highest priority for all interrupts

1. Edge sensitive
2. Sending pulse rather than sustained high level, interruption for the processor
3. The flip flop is connected to the interrupt.
4. To get positive flow we set it as 1.
5. Flip flop IE — 1 state
6. In SIM instructions, RST 7.5 is not masked.

RST 6.5:-

Third highest priority for all interrupts

1. Maskable Interrupt
2. The processor saves the content of the PC register
3. It saves into the stack

STACK:- Allocating memory for the data in a particular order

4.Branches to 0034H

RST 5.5:-

1. Maskable interrupt
2. Saves the content of the PC
3. Register into the stack
4. Branches to 002CH address

INTR:-

1. Maskable interrupt
2. Priority for an interrupt is low when compared to all other interrupts.
3. It can be disabled by resetting the microprocessor
4. INTR- Check the status- during the execution of the signal.
5. INTR-SIGNAL(HIGH)

Microprocessor completes its current instruction

Sends active low interrupt to acknowledge signal.

Saves the address of the next instruction on the stack while getting the first instruction itself and then executes the next instruction.

INTA:-

It is an interrupt acknowledgment.

It is a type of controller.

It is a signal used to identify that the signal has an interrupt.

S0 & S1:-

Output status signal of the microprocessor

Specify four different signals

WR:-

(Write)

The data is written in the selected memory.

Depends upon I/O signals.

RD:-

(Read)

It is ready to accept the data and then read that information.

Vpp:-

Packet processor which can transmit data.

IO/M:-

Input-Output/Memory

Address sent out by the processor is for addressing IO/M processor

READY:-

Acknowledgment from the memory.

The slow device that had completed data transfer.

The signal is synchronized to the 8284A clock generator to provide ready input to the microprocessor.

The signal is active high (1)

CLK OUT:-

Clock device connected to the microprocessor.

HLDA:-

Hold Acknowledge(Having value)

CPU receives HOLD request

Relinquish the bus clock

Set to low value after the HOLD signal is removed.

HOLD:-

Relinquish the bus as soon as the current machine cycle is completed

Requesting the use of address and data bus

Internal processing continues

Vcc:-

Common voltage connector

It is the voltage in which it is grounded.